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Morphological observation is an important element in not only the external inspection of polarizing films,where exterior appearance is considered to be extremely important, but also in product design and defect analysis. Various types of microscope (scanning electron microscopes (SEM), transmission electron microscopes (TEM), scanning probe microscopes (SPM)), laser microanalysis (LM) and profilometers are used in form observation, meaning that it is possible to observe samples ranging in size from tens of centimeters to as small as several nanometers. Consideration is also given to preprocessing methods, which can contribute to more effective observation.


The polymer separation membranes used in water treatment are subjected to multiple analyses to assist with new product development. Techniques used include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and a range of surface analysis techniques such as scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and membrane surface potentiometry. These evaluation technologies can also be applied to investigate pollution sources and can be of assistance in troubleshooting and similar tasks.
Structure of reverse osmosis membrane surface
Structure of reverse osmosis membrane surface
SEM surface observation
EDX analysis *Au; resulting from thermal deposition
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